Almond and Verba defined political culture as a distinct orientation attitude of citizens towards the political system and the diversity of its parts, and attitudes toward the role of citizens who are in that system. In other words, how the distribution patterns of a particular orientation towards political goals among people of that nation. Furthermore they stated, that the citizens always identify themselves with the symbols and institutions of state based on the orientation they have.
Here is some notion of political culture that can serve as a guide to better understand theoretically as follows:
1. Political culture is the political aspect of the values that consist of knowledge, tradition, superstition, and myth. All of them are known and recognized by most people. Political culture provides a rational to reject or accept the values and norms of others.
2. Political culture can be seen from the aspect of the doctrine and generic aspects. The first emphasis on the content or materials, such as socialism, democracy, or nationalism. The second (generic aspect) analyzed the forms, roles, and characteristics of political culture, such as militant, utopian, open, or closed.
3. The nature and characteristics of political culture on the issues of values is the basic principle that underlies a view of life associated with the problem of purpose.
4. Form of political culture and norms regarding the attitude, the attitude of open and closed, a person's level of militancy against others in the association community. Patterns of leadership (conformity or encourage initiatives of freedom), attitudes toward mobility (maintaining the status quo or to push ¬ mobility), the policy priorities (emphasizing economic or political).
2. Components of Political Culture
Almond and Verba with a more comprehensive reference to what was formulated Parsons and Shils about the classification of the types of orientation, that the political culture of political objects contain three components as follows.
1. Cognitive orientation: namely in the form of knowledge about and confidence in politics, the role and obligations as well as all input and output.
2. Affective orientation: the sense of the political system, its role, the actor and he looked.
3. Evaluative orientation: the decisions and opinions about political objects that typically involve a standard of value and criteria with information and feelings.
3. Types of Political Culture
1. Based on the attitude shown
a. Militant Political Culture
Political culture where differences are not seen as an attempt to find the best alternative, but is seen as evil and challenging effort. If there kriris, then you are looking for is a scapegoat, not caused by the wrong rules, and intimate issues are always sensitive and emotional burn.
b. Political Culture of Tolerance
Political culture where thinking is centered on issues or ideas that should be assessed, trying to find a reasonable consensus which always opens the door to work together. Neutral or critical attitude towards the idea of people, but not suspicious of people.
2. Based on the attitudes towards tradition and change
a. The Political Culture has Absolut Attitude
Political culture that has a mental attitude which have absolute values and beliefs. considered to be always perfect and irreversible. Effort required is the intensification of the trust, not good. Mindset so just pay attention to what is in harmony with his mental and reject or attack things that are new or different.
b. The Political Culture has Accommodative Mental Attitude
Mental structures that are accommodating and willing to accept normally open what is considered valuable. He can break the bonds of tradition, self-critical, and willing to reassess the tradition based on today's developments.
3. Based on political orientation, according to Gabriel Almond:
a. Parochial political culture (parochial political culture)
Very low levels of political participation, which caused cognitive factors (eg education level is relatively low).
b. Subjects of political culture (the subject of political culture)
Are already relatively advanced societies (both social and economic) but still is passive.
c. Political culture of the participants (participant political culture)
Political culture is characterized by very high political consciousness.
Three of these differences can be form as follows:
A. Parokial
1.Frekuensi orientation of the system as a common object, the input objects, output objects, and individuals as active participants is close to zero.
2.There is no political roles that specialized in the community.
3.Orientasi parochial states alpanya hopes will change comparative initiated by the political system.
4.Kaum not expect anything from the political system.
5.Parokialisme takes place in a much simpler system in which traditional political specialization is at a very minimal level.
6.Parokialisme diferensiatif in the political system is more affective than the cognitive and normative.
B. Kawula
1.There is a high frequency of political orientation towards the political system diferensiatif and output aspects of the system, but the frequency of the orientation of the input objects in particular, and against the person as an active participant close to zero.
2.The subject will recognize government authority.
3.Relation to plitik system in general, and on output, administrative essentially a passive relationship.
4.Often form in societies where there is no input structure terdiferensiansikan.
5.The orientation of the subject is more affective and normative rather than cognitive.
C. Partisipan
1.The frequency of the system of political orientation as a common object, the objects of the input, output, and the person as an active participant approached one.
2.Shape the culture in which community members tended to be oriented explicitly towards a comprehensive political system and on the structure and the political process and administrative (input and output aspects of the political system)
3.Members of the public participatory political object
4.Society acts as an activist.
Source : http://miftachr.blog.uns.ac.id/ (Without Translation)
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