Which includes fasting Sunnah is:
1. Fasting Arafat for who do not currently perform the pilgrimage. Ie on the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah. Fasting on the day of Arafat takes away the sins of two years bygone year and the forthcoming year. .
2. Fasting Ashura and tasu'a. Ie on the day to nine and ten month of Muharram. And the fast of Ashura was washed away the sins of a year ago. . About fasting tasu'a the year before he died he said: In the next year, God willing we fast on the ninth day.
3. Fasting six days in Shawwal Whosoever fasted in Ramadan, and pass them on the moon six days in the month of Shawwal is like fasting throughout the year. .
4. Fasting in the month of Ramadhan. Aisha said, 'I never saw him lbh much except in the month of Ramadhan fasting. {Muslim}
The first month of Dhu al-Hijjah 5.sepuluh by Bukhari and Muslim Hadith explains that there are no day-to-day charity lbh pious loved in them than in ten days of Dhul-Hijjah.
6. White days of fasting, ie on 13:14. 15 at each month of Hijra. Fasting is like fasting days throughout the year in accordance with HR Nasa'i {}.
7. Fasting Mondays and Thursdays Indeed deeds are shown every Monday and Thursday then God forgives every Muslim or a believer except two people who shush each other. He said 'Put off pardon them both'. .
8. Fasting on alternate day fasting day no. Fasting sunna who best and most beloved of God. 9. Fasting bachelors who have not been able to get married. O the young person who is able to marry then let get married. Because it LBH LBH maintain and keep the pubic view. And whoever has not been able to let him fast. Because fasting wija adl '{relax the turbulent lust for him. .
Source : http://blog.re.or.id/ (Without Translation)
Rabu, 02 November 2011
Butterfly Metamorphosis
Butterfly Metamorphosis
Metamorphosis is the process of a caterpillar into a new animal (perfect phase) is a butterfly. In the process occurs long enough and long namum simple. First of all start ari eggs in place by a butterfly on a leaf (usually leaf tree can also be orange or other trees), which aims eventually leaves can be a caterpillar food until reaching adulthood after the time came to the pupa / cocoon and in few days will be a new butterfly.
► EGG
The eggs will hatch between 3-5 days, larvae will walk to the edge of the leaves of host plants and start eating it. Some larvae consume an empty egg shell as his first food of the larval skin is not stretched out to follow its growth, but when it became very strict larvae will change its skin.
LARVA (WORM)
► After hatching the larvae will feed Most larvae consume an empty egg shell as a first food. Outer skin of the larva does not stretch to follow its growth, but when it became very strict larvae will change its skin.
► Number of change of skin during larval life are generally 4-6 times, and the period between the turn of the skin (molting) are called instars.
► butterfly larvae vary in shape, but in most of the cylindrical-shaped, and sometimes memepunyai hair, spines, tubercles or filaments.
► When the larvae reach maximum growth, the larvae stopped eating, went looking for the nearest shelter, attach themselves to twigs or leaves with woven yarn. Larvae have entered the prepupa phase skin and releasing the last time to form pupae.
Pupa (cocoon)
► Phase pupa when viewed from the outside like the rest period, whereas in the formation process occurs in the pupa the perfect insect. Pupa is generally hard, smooth and form a structure without limbs. In general, the pupa is green, brown or a color according to the surroundings. (Camouflaged). Establishment of a butterfly in the pupa usually lasts for 7-20 days depending on the species
Butterfly
► Once out of the pupa, the butterflies will crawl to the top so that the wings are weak, wrinkled and slightly wet can hang down and inflate normally. Immediately after the wings dry, fluffy and strong, the wings will open and close several times and attempted to fly.
► Phase imago or butterfly is the adult stage
BUTTERFLY BEHAVIOR:
The butterfly is an insect that does the activity in the daytime, at night the butterflies will rest and terlindungan leaves of trees.
during the active growing butterflies flying and foraging activity and production. Foraging activities carried out on their own but often seem male butterflies and batina fly in pairs and in time will make copulation.
Furthermore, the parent of butterflies will lay their eggs on host plants. a range of butterfly wings will terbamg small low between 10 cm-2 m. While the butterfly wing span larger fly higher to ± 10 m. On the foraging activity, the butterfly will perch on flowers and stuck probosisnya.
Source : http://anugrahjuni.wordpress.com/ (Without Translation)
Metamorphosis is the process of a caterpillar into a new animal (perfect phase) is a butterfly. In the process occurs long enough and long namum simple. First of all start ari eggs in place by a butterfly on a leaf (usually leaf tree can also be orange or other trees), which aims eventually leaves can be a caterpillar food until reaching adulthood after the time came to the pupa / cocoon and in few days will be a new butterfly.
► EGG
The eggs will hatch between 3-5 days, larvae will walk to the edge of the leaves of host plants and start eating it. Some larvae consume an empty egg shell as his first food of the larval skin is not stretched out to follow its growth, but when it became very strict larvae will change its skin.
LARVA (WORM)
► After hatching the larvae will feed Most larvae consume an empty egg shell as a first food. Outer skin of the larva does not stretch to follow its growth, but when it became very strict larvae will change its skin.
► Number of change of skin during larval life are generally 4-6 times, and the period between the turn of the skin (molting) are called instars.
► butterfly larvae vary in shape, but in most of the cylindrical-shaped, and sometimes memepunyai hair, spines, tubercles or filaments.
► When the larvae reach maximum growth, the larvae stopped eating, went looking for the nearest shelter, attach themselves to twigs or leaves with woven yarn. Larvae have entered the prepupa phase skin and releasing the last time to form pupae.
Pupa (cocoon)
► Phase pupa when viewed from the outside like the rest period, whereas in the formation process occurs in the pupa the perfect insect. Pupa is generally hard, smooth and form a structure without limbs. In general, the pupa is green, brown or a color according to the surroundings. (Camouflaged). Establishment of a butterfly in the pupa usually lasts for 7-20 days depending on the species
Butterfly
► Once out of the pupa, the butterflies will crawl to the top so that the wings are weak, wrinkled and slightly wet can hang down and inflate normally. Immediately after the wings dry, fluffy and strong, the wings will open and close several times and attempted to fly.
► Phase imago or butterfly is the adult stage
BUTTERFLY BEHAVIOR:
The butterfly is an insect that does the activity in the daytime, at night the butterflies will rest and terlindungan leaves of trees.
during the active growing butterflies flying and foraging activity and production. Foraging activities carried out on their own but often seem male butterflies and batina fly in pairs and in time will make copulation.
Furthermore, the parent of butterflies will lay their eggs on host plants. a range of butterfly wings will terbamg small low between 10 cm-2 m. While the butterfly wing span larger fly higher to ± 10 m. On the foraging activity, the butterfly will perch on flowers and stuck probosisnya.
Source : http://anugrahjuni.wordpress.com/ (Without Translation)
Hadith About Hajj and Umrah
Hadith About Hajj and Umrah
1. Whoever perform Hajj in this house is not done wickedly rafats and then he returned as the day his mother was born. {HR. Bukhari}
Explanation: Rafats meaning the word out who foments lust obscene or intercourse.
2. Among the first who with Umrah Umrah second deletion sins committed between them {} and pilgrimage Mabrur no reward except paradise.
3. Most afdhol jihad is hajj who Mabrur.
4. It adl Tawaf prayer and if necessary speak who should speak well.
5. A servant I sehatkan him and I extend to him his livelihood and passed five years no pilgrimage to the house then he will lose. {HR.Al-Bayhaqi}
6. Whoever has the stock and vehicles who can deliver it to Baitillahil unlawful and do not go for Hajj then why not for him died as a Jew or a Christian.
7. Talbiah Prophet is:
I come {meet} O God summons me to come. I came and no partner for Thee I come. Verily all praise and dominion is yours keni'matan no partner to You. .
8. Prophet welcomes people who go to Hajj:
May God receive forgiveness of sins and replace your expenses for hajj.
Source : http://blog.re.or.id (Without Translation)
1. Whoever perform Hajj in this house is not done wickedly rafats and then he returned as the day his mother was born. {HR. Bukhari}
Explanation: Rafats meaning the word out who foments lust obscene or intercourse.
2. Among the first who with Umrah Umrah second deletion sins committed between them {} and pilgrimage Mabrur no reward except paradise.
3. Most afdhol jihad is hajj who Mabrur.
4. It adl Tawaf prayer and if necessary speak who should speak well.
5. A servant I sehatkan him and I extend to him his livelihood and passed five years no pilgrimage to the house then he will lose. {HR.Al-Bayhaqi}
6. Whoever has the stock and vehicles who can deliver it to Baitillahil unlawful and do not go for Hajj then why not for him died as a Jew or a Christian.
7. Talbiah Prophet is:
I come {meet} O God summons me to come. I came and no partner for Thee I come. Verily all praise and dominion is yours keni'matan no partner to You. .
8. Prophet welcomes people who go to Hajj:
May God receive forgiveness of sins and replace your expenses for hajj.
Source : http://blog.re.or.id (Without Translation)
How to Remove Blackheads
How to Remove Blackheads
According to experts, blackheads are the first stage of acne before the bacteria enter the skin pores causing infection or inflammation. This problem usually starts there after puberty, when hormones begin to affect the body and skin.
Excess of these hormones result in stimulation of oil glands, so that excess oil production in the skin pores. Excess oil is the longer it will close the pores and when exposed to air will be black. Blackheads can occur on all skin types, but is more common in oily skin.
Although there are many medications and creams that can be used to eliminate or prevent blackheads, some people just avoid using it. For it never hurts to try natural treatments in addressing disruptive komeo.
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Follow a few tips naturally follows,:
1. Wash your face with a mixture of salt water, add one tablespoon of salt with 8 ounces of warm water. The salt will help reduce excess oil, and eliminate blackheads.
2. Take a little toothpaste and rubbed on the blackheads. This will help reduce the inflammation caused by reduced levels of blackheads and excess oil, make sure that use is not a gel toothpaste.
3. Squeeze lemon or lime juice and apply it to the blackheads, and leave overnight. Acid from the lemon helps reduce the oil in the skin.
4. Combine orange leather base with water until a paste, but do not add too much water because it will become watery. Apply on the infected area and leave overnight.
5. Apply aloe vera to the blackheads, can be made by directly applying or juice from the plant. Besides aloe vera can also help the healing process faster.
6. Rubbing the area with blackheads with ice cubes for 10 minutes, this will help to tighten or close the pores and prevent or reduce dust a place to stay oil the skin.
7. Mix one egg white with one tablespoon of honey in a bowl until blended. Rub the mixture on your face and leave for 20 to 30 minutes, then rinse with lukewarm water. This mixture is effective to remove and prevent blackheads.
8. Combine radishes soil with water to form a paste. Apply mixture to face and leave for 30 minutes then rinse. To get maximum results do regularly once a week.
By using the natural way, you do not need to fear of side effects that will result because it does not contain any chemical substances.
Source : http://gerry-tk.blogspot.com/ (Without Translation)
According to experts, blackheads are the first stage of acne before the bacteria enter the skin pores causing infection or inflammation. This problem usually starts there after puberty, when hormones begin to affect the body and skin.
Excess of these hormones result in stimulation of oil glands, so that excess oil production in the skin pores. Excess oil is the longer it will close the pores and when exposed to air will be black. Blackheads can occur on all skin types, but is more common in oily skin.
Although there are many medications and creams that can be used to eliminate or prevent blackheads, some people just avoid using it. For it never hurts to try natural treatments in addressing disruptive komeo.
javascript:void(0)
Follow a few tips naturally follows,:
1. Wash your face with a mixture of salt water, add one tablespoon of salt with 8 ounces of warm water. The salt will help reduce excess oil, and eliminate blackheads.
2. Take a little toothpaste and rubbed on the blackheads. This will help reduce the inflammation caused by reduced levels of blackheads and excess oil, make sure that use is not a gel toothpaste.
3. Squeeze lemon or lime juice and apply it to the blackheads, and leave overnight. Acid from the lemon helps reduce the oil in the skin.
4. Combine orange leather base with water until a paste, but do not add too much water because it will become watery. Apply on the infected area and leave overnight.
5. Apply aloe vera to the blackheads, can be made by directly applying or juice from the plant. Besides aloe vera can also help the healing process faster.
6. Rubbing the area with blackheads with ice cubes for 10 minutes, this will help to tighten or close the pores and prevent or reduce dust a place to stay oil the skin.
7. Mix one egg white with one tablespoon of honey in a bowl until blended. Rub the mixture on your face and leave for 20 to 30 minutes, then rinse with lukewarm water. This mixture is effective to remove and prevent blackheads.
8. Combine radishes soil with water to form a paste. Apply mixture to face and leave for 30 minutes then rinse. To get maximum results do regularly once a week.
By using the natural way, you do not need to fear of side effects that will result because it does not contain any chemical substances.
Source : http://gerry-tk.blogspot.com/ (Without Translation)
How to Overcome Dry Skin
How to Overcome Dry Skin with Avocado Fruit
Having dry skin will feel uncomfortable, especially dry skin that would not radiate freshness. For the Beauty Tips Blog will discuss on How to Overcome Dry Skin Face.
In addition to congenital (hehe), one of the causes of dry facial skin caused by lack of fluid intake, lack of Vitamin E and too much sun.
Therefore, to overcome in order to re-dry facial skin moist and soft, my friend all can try the following dry face care tips:
ingredients:
- Fruit Avocado (to taste)
usage:
Content mash avocado until smooth. Then apply on your face (like the use of masks). Once dried avocado mask, wash your face with warm water. Then dab the face with ice cubes, so that pores shrink back.
Besides using the above mask for dry skin, to Overcome Dry Skin cream should you use moisturizer on your face.
Source : http://gerry-tk.blogspot.com/ (Without Translate)
Having dry skin will feel uncomfortable, especially dry skin that would not radiate freshness. For the Beauty Tips Blog will discuss on How to Overcome Dry Skin Face.
In addition to congenital (hehe), one of the causes of dry facial skin caused by lack of fluid intake, lack of Vitamin E and too much sun.
Therefore, to overcome in order to re-dry facial skin moist and soft, my friend all can try the following dry face care tips:
ingredients:
- Fruit Avocado (to taste)
usage:
Content mash avocado until smooth. Then apply on your face (like the use of masks). Once dried avocado mask, wash your face with warm water. Then dab the face with ice cubes, so that pores shrink back.
Besides using the above mask for dry skin, to Overcome Dry Skin cream should you use moisturizer on your face.
Source : http://gerry-tk.blogspot.com/ (Without Translate)
Social Culture
1.Understanding the Political Culture
Almond and Verba defined political culture as a distinct orientation attitude of citizens towards the political system and the diversity of its parts, and attitudes toward the role of citizens who are in that system. In other words, how the distribution patterns of a particular orientation towards political goals among people of that nation. Furthermore they stated, that the citizens always identify themselves with the symbols and institutions of state based on the orientation they have.
Here is some notion of political culture that can serve as a guide to better understand theoretically as follows:
1. Political culture is the political aspect of the values that consist of knowledge, tradition, superstition, and myth. All of them are known and recognized by most people. Political culture provides a rational to reject or accept the values and norms of others.
2. Political culture can be seen from the aspect of the doctrine and generic aspects. The first emphasis on the content or materials, such as socialism, democracy, or nationalism. The second (generic aspect) analyzed the forms, roles, and characteristics of political culture, such as militant, utopian, open, or closed.
3. The nature and characteristics of political culture on the issues of values is the basic principle that underlies a view of life associated with the problem of purpose.
4. Form of political culture and norms regarding the attitude, the attitude of open and closed, a person's level of militancy against others in the association community. Patterns of leadership (conformity or encourage initiatives of freedom), attitudes toward mobility (maintaining the status quo or to push ¬ mobility), the policy priorities (emphasizing economic or political).
2. Components of Political Culture
Almond and Verba with a more comprehensive reference to what was formulated Parsons and Shils about the classification of the types of orientation, that the political culture of political objects contain three components as follows.
1. Cognitive orientation: namely in the form of knowledge about and confidence in politics, the role and obligations as well as all input and output.
2. Affective orientation: the sense of the political system, its role, the actor and he looked.
3. Evaluative orientation: the decisions and opinions about political objects that typically involve a standard of value and criteria with information and feelings.
3. Types of Political Culture
1. Based on the attitude shown
a. Militant Political Culture
Political culture where differences are not seen as an attempt to find the best alternative, but is seen as evil and challenging effort. If there kriris, then you are looking for is a scapegoat, not caused by the wrong rules, and intimate issues are always sensitive and emotional burn.
b. Political Culture of Tolerance
Political culture where thinking is centered on issues or ideas that should be assessed, trying to find a reasonable consensus which always opens the door to work together. Neutral or critical attitude towards the idea of people, but not suspicious of people.
2. Based on the attitudes towards tradition and change
a. The Political Culture has Absolut Attitude
Political culture that has a mental attitude which have absolute values and beliefs. considered to be always perfect and irreversible. Effort required is the intensification of the trust, not good. Mindset so just pay attention to what is in harmony with his mental and reject or attack things that are new or different.
b. The Political Culture has Accommodative Mental Attitude
Mental structures that are accommodating and willing to accept normally open what is considered valuable. He can break the bonds of tradition, self-critical, and willing to reassess the tradition based on today's developments.
3. Based on political orientation, according to Gabriel Almond:
a. Parochial political culture (parochial political culture)
Very low levels of political participation, which caused cognitive factors (eg education level is relatively low).
b. Subjects of political culture (the subject of political culture)
Are already relatively advanced societies (both social and economic) but still is passive.
c. Political culture of the participants (participant political culture)
Political culture is characterized by very high political consciousness.
Three of these differences can be form as follows:
A. Parokial
1.Frekuensi orientation of the system as a common object, the input objects, output objects, and individuals as active participants is close to zero.
2.There is no political roles that specialized in the community.
3.Orientasi parochial states alpanya hopes will change comparative initiated by the political system.
4.Kaum not expect anything from the political system.
5.Parokialisme takes place in a much simpler system in which traditional political specialization is at a very minimal level.
6.Parokialisme diferensiatif in the political system is more affective than the cognitive and normative.
B. Kawula
1.There is a high frequency of political orientation towards the political system diferensiatif and output aspects of the system, but the frequency of the orientation of the input objects in particular, and against the person as an active participant close to zero.
2.The subject will recognize government authority.
3.Relation to plitik system in general, and on output, administrative essentially a passive relationship.
4.Often form in societies where there is no input structure terdiferensiansikan.
5.The orientation of the subject is more affective and normative rather than cognitive.
C. Partisipan
1.The frequency of the system of political orientation as a common object, the objects of the input, output, and the person as an active participant approached one.
2.Shape the culture in which community members tended to be oriented explicitly towards a comprehensive political system and on the structure and the political process and administrative (input and output aspects of the political system)
3.Members of the public participatory political object
4.Society acts as an activist.
Source : http://miftachr.blog.uns.ac.id/ (Without Translation)
Almond and Verba defined political culture as a distinct orientation attitude of citizens towards the political system and the diversity of its parts, and attitudes toward the role of citizens who are in that system. In other words, how the distribution patterns of a particular orientation towards political goals among people of that nation. Furthermore they stated, that the citizens always identify themselves with the symbols and institutions of state based on the orientation they have.
Here is some notion of political culture that can serve as a guide to better understand theoretically as follows:
1. Political culture is the political aspect of the values that consist of knowledge, tradition, superstition, and myth. All of them are known and recognized by most people. Political culture provides a rational to reject or accept the values and norms of others.
2. Political culture can be seen from the aspect of the doctrine and generic aspects. The first emphasis on the content or materials, such as socialism, democracy, or nationalism. The second (generic aspect) analyzed the forms, roles, and characteristics of political culture, such as militant, utopian, open, or closed.
3. The nature and characteristics of political culture on the issues of values is the basic principle that underlies a view of life associated with the problem of purpose.
4. Form of political culture and norms regarding the attitude, the attitude of open and closed, a person's level of militancy against others in the association community. Patterns of leadership (conformity or encourage initiatives of freedom), attitudes toward mobility (maintaining the status quo or to push ¬ mobility), the policy priorities (emphasizing economic or political).
2. Components of Political Culture
Almond and Verba with a more comprehensive reference to what was formulated Parsons and Shils about the classification of the types of orientation, that the political culture of political objects contain three components as follows.
1. Cognitive orientation: namely in the form of knowledge about and confidence in politics, the role and obligations as well as all input and output.
2. Affective orientation: the sense of the political system, its role, the actor and he looked.
3. Evaluative orientation: the decisions and opinions about political objects that typically involve a standard of value and criteria with information and feelings.
3. Types of Political Culture
1. Based on the attitude shown
a. Militant Political Culture
Political culture where differences are not seen as an attempt to find the best alternative, but is seen as evil and challenging effort. If there kriris, then you are looking for is a scapegoat, not caused by the wrong rules, and intimate issues are always sensitive and emotional burn.
b. Political Culture of Tolerance
Political culture where thinking is centered on issues or ideas that should be assessed, trying to find a reasonable consensus which always opens the door to work together. Neutral or critical attitude towards the idea of people, but not suspicious of people.
2. Based on the attitudes towards tradition and change
a. The Political Culture has Absolut Attitude
Political culture that has a mental attitude which have absolute values and beliefs. considered to be always perfect and irreversible. Effort required is the intensification of the trust, not good. Mindset so just pay attention to what is in harmony with his mental and reject or attack things that are new or different.
b. The Political Culture has Accommodative Mental Attitude
Mental structures that are accommodating and willing to accept normally open what is considered valuable. He can break the bonds of tradition, self-critical, and willing to reassess the tradition based on today's developments.
3. Based on political orientation, according to Gabriel Almond:
a. Parochial political culture (parochial political culture)
Very low levels of political participation, which caused cognitive factors (eg education level is relatively low).
b. Subjects of political culture (the subject of political culture)
Are already relatively advanced societies (both social and economic) but still is passive.
c. Political culture of the participants (participant political culture)
Political culture is characterized by very high political consciousness.
Three of these differences can be form as follows:
A. Parokial
1.Frekuensi orientation of the system as a common object, the input objects, output objects, and individuals as active participants is close to zero.
2.There is no political roles that specialized in the community.
3.Orientasi parochial states alpanya hopes will change comparative initiated by the political system.
4.Kaum not expect anything from the political system.
5.Parokialisme takes place in a much simpler system in which traditional political specialization is at a very minimal level.
6.Parokialisme diferensiatif in the political system is more affective than the cognitive and normative.
B. Kawula
1.There is a high frequency of political orientation towards the political system diferensiatif and output aspects of the system, but the frequency of the orientation of the input objects in particular, and against the person as an active participant close to zero.
2.The subject will recognize government authority.
3.Relation to plitik system in general, and on output, administrative essentially a passive relationship.
4.Often form in societies where there is no input structure terdiferensiansikan.
5.The orientation of the subject is more affective and normative rather than cognitive.
C. Partisipan
1.The frequency of the system of political orientation as a common object, the objects of the input, output, and the person as an active participant approached one.
2.Shape the culture in which community members tended to be oriented explicitly towards a comprehensive political system and on the structure and the political process and administrative (input and output aspects of the political system)
3.Members of the public participatory political object
4.Society acts as an activist.
Source : http://miftachr.blog.uns.ac.id/ (Without Translation)
Electrochemical Cells
Principles and Concepts Tues Volta
Electrochemistry: The relationship of chemical reactions with the motion of electric power (electron flow)
* The chemical reactions produce electric propulsion (galvanic cell)
* The movement of electricity produces a chemical reaction (electrolysis cell)
Electrochemical cells: a system consisting of electrodes immersed in an electrolyte solution.
1. Tues Volta / Gavalni
gambar_9_4 a. The principles of voltaic cells or galvanic cell:
* The movement of electrons in the external circuit due to redox reactions.
* Rules voltaic cell:
- There is a change: the chemical energy → electrical energy
- At the anode, electrons are the product of the oxidation reaction; anode negative poles
- At the cathode, electrons are the reactants of the reduction reaction; cathode = positive pole
- Electrons flow from anode to cathode
b. Tues concepts Volta
Tues Volta:
1. Series Volta / Nerst
a. Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Fe Ni, Sn, Pb, (H), Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au
b. Increasingly to the right, easily reduced and oxidized difficult. The more to the left, easily oxidized, the more active, and difficult to be reduced.
Principle:
1. Anode oxidation reaction occurs; cathode reduction reaction occurs
2. Electron flows: anode → cathode; electric current: the cathode → anode
3. Salt bridge: equilibrate the ions in solution
Examples of the galvanic cell:
gambar_9_5
Cell notation: Zn / Zn +2 / / Cu +2 / Cu
/ = ½ cell potential
/ / = Potential connections Cells (cell junction potential; salt bridge)
c. Various kinds of voltaic cells
gamba_9_6
1. Dry cell or cell Leclance
* These cells are often used for radio, tape, flashlights, toys, etc..
* The cathode as the positive terminal consists of carbon (in the form of graphite) are protected by a carbon paste, MnO2 and NH4Cl2
* Outer layer of the anode is made of zinc and appears at the bottom of the battery as the negative terminal.
* Electrolytes: A mix of pasta: MnO2 + + NH4Cl slightly Water
* The reaction is the oxidation of the zinc anode
Zn (s) → Zn2 + (aq) + 2e-
* The reaction lasted more complex cathode and a mixture of results will be formed. One of the most important reactions are:
2MnO2 (s) + 2NH4 + (aq) + 2e-→ Mn2O3 (s) + 2NH3 (aq) + H2O
* The ammonia occurs at the cathode will react with Zn2 + generated at the anode and form ion
Zn (NH3) 42 +.
2. Cell battery
* Cathode: PbO2
* Anode: Pb
* Electrolytes: H2SO4 solution
* The reaction is:
PbO2 (s) + 4H + (aq) + SO42-(aq) → PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O (cathode) Pb (s) + SO42-(aq) → PbSO4 (s) + 2e-(anode) PbO2 (s) + Pb (s) + 4H + (aq) + 2SO42-(aq) → 2PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O (total)
* At the time of cell function, the concentration of sulfuric acid will be reduced because he was involved in the reaction.
* The advantage of this type of battery is that it can be recharged (recharge) to give a voltage from an external source through the process of electrolysis, the reaction:
2PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O → PbO2 (s) + Pb (s) + 4H + (aq) + 2SO42-(aq) (total)
* The disadvantage of this type of battery is, in form, he was too heavy and again it contains sulfuric acid which can be scattered when transported.
3. Fuel Cells
* Electrodes: Ni
* Electrolyte: KOH solution
* Fuel: H2 and O2
4. Battery Ni - Cd
* Also called ni-cad battery rechargeable cargo and commonly used on sensitive electronic equipment. Potential is 1.4 volts.
* Cathode: NiO2 with a little water
* Anode: Cd
* His reaction:
Cd (s) + 2OH-(aq) → Cd (OH) 2 (s) + 2e-
+ 2e-NiO2 (s) + 2H2O → Ni (OH) 2 (s) + 2OH-(aq)
* These batteries are more expensive than regular batteries.
Source : http://www.chem-is-try.org/ (Without Translation)
Electrochemistry: The relationship of chemical reactions with the motion of electric power (electron flow)
* The chemical reactions produce electric propulsion (galvanic cell)
* The movement of electricity produces a chemical reaction (electrolysis cell)
Electrochemical cells: a system consisting of electrodes immersed in an electrolyte solution.
1. Tues Volta / Gavalni
gambar_9_4 a. The principles of voltaic cells or galvanic cell:
* The movement of electrons in the external circuit due to redox reactions.
* Rules voltaic cell:
- There is a change: the chemical energy → electrical energy
- At the anode, electrons are the product of the oxidation reaction; anode negative poles
- At the cathode, electrons are the reactants of the reduction reaction; cathode = positive pole
- Electrons flow from anode to cathode
b. Tues concepts Volta
Tues Volta:
1. Series Volta / Nerst
a. Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Fe Ni, Sn, Pb, (H), Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au
b. Increasingly to the right, easily reduced and oxidized difficult. The more to the left, easily oxidized, the more active, and difficult to be reduced.
Principle:
1. Anode oxidation reaction occurs; cathode reduction reaction occurs
2. Electron flows: anode → cathode; electric current: the cathode → anode
3. Salt bridge: equilibrate the ions in solution
Examples of the galvanic cell:
gambar_9_5
Cell notation: Zn / Zn +2 / / Cu +2 / Cu
/ = ½ cell potential
/ / = Potential connections Cells (cell junction potential; salt bridge)
c. Various kinds of voltaic cells
gamba_9_6
1. Dry cell or cell Leclance
* These cells are often used for radio, tape, flashlights, toys, etc..
* The cathode as the positive terminal consists of carbon (in the form of graphite) are protected by a carbon paste, MnO2 and NH4Cl2
* Outer layer of the anode is made of zinc and appears at the bottom of the battery as the negative terminal.
* Electrolytes: A mix of pasta: MnO2 + + NH4Cl slightly Water
* The reaction is the oxidation of the zinc anode
Zn (s) → Zn2 + (aq) + 2e-
* The reaction lasted more complex cathode and a mixture of results will be formed. One of the most important reactions are:
2MnO2 (s) + 2NH4 + (aq) + 2e-→ Mn2O3 (s) + 2NH3 (aq) + H2O
* The ammonia occurs at the cathode will react with Zn2 + generated at the anode and form ion
Zn (NH3) 42 +.
2. Cell battery
* Cathode: PbO2
* Anode: Pb
* Electrolytes: H2SO4 solution
* The reaction is:
PbO2 (s) + 4H + (aq) + SO42-(aq) → PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O (cathode) Pb (s) + SO42-(aq) → PbSO4 (s) + 2e-(anode) PbO2 (s) + Pb (s) + 4H + (aq) + 2SO42-(aq) → 2PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O (total)
* At the time of cell function, the concentration of sulfuric acid will be reduced because he was involved in the reaction.
* The advantage of this type of battery is that it can be recharged (recharge) to give a voltage from an external source through the process of electrolysis, the reaction:
2PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O → PbO2 (s) + Pb (s) + 4H + (aq) + 2SO42-(aq) (total)
* The disadvantage of this type of battery is, in form, he was too heavy and again it contains sulfuric acid which can be scattered when transported.
3. Fuel Cells
* Electrodes: Ni
* Electrolyte: KOH solution
* Fuel: H2 and O2
4. Battery Ni - Cd
* Also called ni-cad battery rechargeable cargo and commonly used on sensitive electronic equipment. Potential is 1.4 volts.
* Cathode: NiO2 with a little water
* Anode: Cd
* His reaction:
Cd (s) + 2OH-(aq) → Cd (OH) 2 (s) + 2e-
+ 2e-NiO2 (s) + 2H2O → Ni (OH) 2 (s) + 2OH-(aq)
* These batteries are more expensive than regular batteries.
Source : http://www.chem-is-try.org/ (Without Translation)
History of The Feast of the Sacrifice (Eid ul-Adha)
One day, Prophet Ibrahim to slaughter sacrificial lambs Fisabilillah of 1000, 300 cows and 100 camels. Many people admire, even the angels were amazed over the victim.
"Sacrifice a number that has not been anything for me. By Allah! If I have a son, would I slay for God and I sacrificed to him, "said the Prophet Ibrahim AS, as an expression for Sarah, the wife of Prophet Ibrahim had not yet contain.
Then Sarah suggested that Abraham married Hagar, a negro slave, obtained from Egypt.
When in the Baitul Maqdis, he prayed to Allah Almighty that gave birth to a child, and Allah granted his prayer. Some say that time Ibrahim is 99 years of age. And so long as the child was named Ishmael, meaning "God has heard". As an expression of joy to finally have a son, as Ibrahim exclaimed: "God heard my prayer".
When Ismail stepped age approximately 7 years (some are argued 13 years), at night Tarwiyah, the 8th day in the month of Dhu al-Hijjah, the Prophet Ibrahim dreamed there was a call, "O Abraham! Fill nazarmu (promise). "
In the morning, he was thinking and pondering the meaning of his dream last night. Is the dream was from Allah or from Satan? From here later on 8 Dzulhijah called Tarwiyah days (mean, think / reflect).
On the night of the 9th in the month of Dhu al-Hijjah, he dreamed the same as before. In the morning, he knew for sure his dream is from Allah SWT. From this day-to-9-Hijjah is called the day of 'Arafah (meaning knowing), and coincide also at that time he was in the land of Arafat.
Again the next night, he dreams again with a similar dream. So, the next day, he determined to carry out his vow (promise) that. For this reason, today it is called sacrificial slaughter premises today (yaumun Nahr). In another narration explained, when the Prophet Ibrahim had a dream for the first time, so he chose the sheep fat, some 100 individuals to be slaughtered as a sacrifice. Suddenly flames come eat. He thought that the command in a dream has been fulfilled. To dream the second time, he chose the camels fat tails for a total of 100 slaughtered as a sacrifice. Suddenly flames came ate it, and he assumed command in his dream had been fulfilled.
In the dream for the third time, as if there is a calling, "Verily, Allah commands you to kill your son, Ishmael." He woke up instantly, Ismail hugged and cried until the time arrives Shubuh. To carry out the commands of Allah, he first met his wife, Hagar (Ishmael's mother). He said, "Dress your son with the best clothes, because he'll take for a visit to God." Hajar Ismail was immediately dressed in best clothes and oiling and combing his hair.
Then he with his son went down to a valley in the Mina area with a rope and a sword. At that time, the accursed Satan is extraordinary busy and have not been as busy as it is. Pacing back and forth. Ismail, who saw his father approaching soon.
"O Abraham! Do not you notice your son is handsome and funny? "Cried the Devil.
"Yes, but I ordered for it (slaughter)," replied the Prophet Ibrahim AS.
After failing to persuade his father, Iblsi came to see his mother, Hagar.
"Why did you just sit quietly, even though your husband take your son to be slaughtered?" Teased the Devil.
"You do not lie to me, how could a father kill his son?" Said Hagar.
"Why did he bring a rope and a sword, if not to kill his son?" Cooed the devil again.
"Why would a father kill his son?" Replied Hagar asked.
"He thought that God commanded him to it", he teased the Devil assured.
"A Prophet will not be tasked to do evil. If that's true, my own life was ready to be sacrificed for the sake of a noble task, let alone just by sacrificing lives anaku, it's not mean anything! "Hagar said firmly.
Satan failed for the second time, but he still tried to thwart efforts to slaughter Ismail's. So he went to Ishmael said, to persuade him,
"O Ishmael! Why are you just playing around and having fun, even though your father take you to this place only remedy in sacrifice. See, he took a rope and a sword, "
"You lie, so what shall kill my father?" Ismail said in surprise.
"Your father thought that God commanded him to it" said the Devil assured.
"By God's command! I'm ready to hear, obey, and carry out with all my soul my body, "Ismail said without hesitation.
When the devil was about to seduce and tease her with other words, Ishmael picked up a pebble suddenly the ground, and immediately threw it in the direction of Satan until butalah the left eye. So, Satan went away empty-handed. From this came to be known by the obligation to throw pebbles (Jumrah) in the ritual of the pilgrimage.
Arriving in Mina, Prophet Ibrahim AS forthright to his son, "O my son! Verily I saw in a dream that I sacrifice. So think about what you think? ... "(As-Saffat, [37]: 102).
"He (Ismail) said, 'O my father! Work out what you are commanded, Insha Allah! You find me among those who are patient "(As-Saffat, [37]: 102).
Hear his son, Prophet Ibrahim AS legalah and direct air-tahmid (saying Alhamdulillah) as much as possible.
To carry out the task of Ismail's father told his father, "O father! Tie my hands so I'm not moving so much trouble. Telungkupkanlah my face so as not to be seen by the father, so it does not arise compassion. Singsingkanlah father's sleeve so as not to splash a bit of blood so that it can reduce pahalaku, and if the mother would be sorry to see. "
"Tajamkanlah sword and scratched immediately dileherku is so much easier and faster process lethal. Then you can bring back my shirt and handed over to the mother in order to be memorable for him, and also convey my compliments to him by saying, 'O mother! Be patient in carrying out the commandment of God. 'Finally, let not the father invites other children to the mother's mother's house so that further adds condolences to me, and when the father saw other kids my age, do not be carefully considered so that menimbulka sense of sadness in the hearts of the father, "continued Isma'il.
After hearing the messages that his son, Prophet Ibrahim replied, "The best friend in carrying out the commands of Allah is upon thee, O my son beloved!"
Then the Prophet Ibrahim desperately scraping his sword into the neck of her son who had been bound hand and foot, but he could not scratch.
Ismail said, "O father! Remove the ropes binding his hands and my feet so I had not rated him in the run command. Streaked out again into my neck so that the angels megetahui that I am obedient to God in the run command solely because of him. "
Prophet Ibrahim's hands and feet untied his son, then he faced his son to earth and straight sword into the neck scratched his son with all my strength, but he was also unable to do so because his sword is always bouncing. Not satisfied with his ability, he thrust his sword towards a rock, and rock that was split into two parts.
"My sword! You can split a stone, but why are you not able to penetrate the flesh? "He grumbled.
Permission of Allah, the sword replied, "O Abraham! You want to slaughter, while the ruler of the universe God said, 'do not be slaughtered'. If so, why should I oppose the commandments of God? "
Allah says, "Surely this is really a real exam (for you). And We ransomed him with a momentous sacrifice. "(As-Saffat, [37]: 106)
According to one story, that replaced Ishmael with a sheep kibas who once sacrificed by Abel and for the sheep that live in heaven. The angel Gabriel came to bring the sheep kibas it and he still managed to see the Prophet Ibrahim AS scraped his sword into the neck of his son. And at that moment the universe and all its contents were Takbir (Allahu Akbar) exalts the greatness of Allah SWT for the patience of his people in carrying out his orders. Seeing that, Gabriel malaikai amazed asthma then glorify God, "Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar". Prophet Ibrahim replied, "La ilaha Illallâhu wallahu Akbar". Ismail followed him, "Allahu Akbar wa lillâhil Hamd". Then the readings are read on every feast of sacrifice (Eid al-Adha).
Sumber : http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=117562848307570
"Sacrifice a number that has not been anything for me. By Allah! If I have a son, would I slay for God and I sacrificed to him, "said the Prophet Ibrahim AS, as an expression for Sarah, the wife of Prophet Ibrahim had not yet contain.
Then Sarah suggested that Abraham married Hagar, a negro slave, obtained from Egypt.
When in the Baitul Maqdis, he prayed to Allah Almighty that gave birth to a child, and Allah granted his prayer. Some say that time Ibrahim is 99 years of age. And so long as the child was named Ishmael, meaning "God has heard". As an expression of joy to finally have a son, as Ibrahim exclaimed: "God heard my prayer".
When Ismail stepped age approximately 7 years (some are argued 13 years), at night Tarwiyah, the 8th day in the month of Dhu al-Hijjah, the Prophet Ibrahim dreamed there was a call, "O Abraham! Fill nazarmu (promise). "
In the morning, he was thinking and pondering the meaning of his dream last night. Is the dream was from Allah or from Satan? From here later on 8 Dzulhijah called Tarwiyah days (mean, think / reflect).
On the night of the 9th in the month of Dhu al-Hijjah, he dreamed the same as before. In the morning, he knew for sure his dream is from Allah SWT. From this day-to-9-Hijjah is called the day of 'Arafah (meaning knowing), and coincide also at that time he was in the land of Arafat.
Again the next night, he dreams again with a similar dream. So, the next day, he determined to carry out his vow (promise) that. For this reason, today it is called sacrificial slaughter premises today (yaumun Nahr). In another narration explained, when the Prophet Ibrahim had a dream for the first time, so he chose the sheep fat, some 100 individuals to be slaughtered as a sacrifice. Suddenly flames come eat. He thought that the command in a dream has been fulfilled. To dream the second time, he chose the camels fat tails for a total of 100 slaughtered as a sacrifice. Suddenly flames came ate it, and he assumed command in his dream had been fulfilled.
In the dream for the third time, as if there is a calling, "Verily, Allah commands you to kill your son, Ishmael." He woke up instantly, Ismail hugged and cried until the time arrives Shubuh. To carry out the commands of Allah, he first met his wife, Hagar (Ishmael's mother). He said, "Dress your son with the best clothes, because he'll take for a visit to God." Hajar Ismail was immediately dressed in best clothes and oiling and combing his hair.
Then he with his son went down to a valley in the Mina area with a rope and a sword. At that time, the accursed Satan is extraordinary busy and have not been as busy as it is. Pacing back and forth. Ismail, who saw his father approaching soon.
"O Abraham! Do not you notice your son is handsome and funny? "Cried the Devil.
"Yes, but I ordered for it (slaughter)," replied the Prophet Ibrahim AS.
After failing to persuade his father, Iblsi came to see his mother, Hagar.
"Why did you just sit quietly, even though your husband take your son to be slaughtered?" Teased the Devil.
"You do not lie to me, how could a father kill his son?" Said Hagar.
"Why did he bring a rope and a sword, if not to kill his son?" Cooed the devil again.
"Why would a father kill his son?" Replied Hagar asked.
"He thought that God commanded him to it", he teased the Devil assured.
"A Prophet will not be tasked to do evil. If that's true, my own life was ready to be sacrificed for the sake of a noble task, let alone just by sacrificing lives anaku, it's not mean anything! "Hagar said firmly.
Satan failed for the second time, but he still tried to thwart efforts to slaughter Ismail's. So he went to Ishmael said, to persuade him,
"O Ishmael! Why are you just playing around and having fun, even though your father take you to this place only remedy in sacrifice. See, he took a rope and a sword, "
"You lie, so what shall kill my father?" Ismail said in surprise.
"Your father thought that God commanded him to it" said the Devil assured.
"By God's command! I'm ready to hear, obey, and carry out with all my soul my body, "Ismail said without hesitation.
When the devil was about to seduce and tease her with other words, Ishmael picked up a pebble suddenly the ground, and immediately threw it in the direction of Satan until butalah the left eye. So, Satan went away empty-handed. From this came to be known by the obligation to throw pebbles (Jumrah) in the ritual of the pilgrimage.
Arriving in Mina, Prophet Ibrahim AS forthright to his son, "O my son! Verily I saw in a dream that I sacrifice. So think about what you think? ... "(As-Saffat, [37]: 102).
"He (Ismail) said, 'O my father! Work out what you are commanded, Insha Allah! You find me among those who are patient "(As-Saffat, [37]: 102).
Hear his son, Prophet Ibrahim AS legalah and direct air-tahmid (saying Alhamdulillah) as much as possible.
To carry out the task of Ismail's father told his father, "O father! Tie my hands so I'm not moving so much trouble. Telungkupkanlah my face so as not to be seen by the father, so it does not arise compassion. Singsingkanlah father's sleeve so as not to splash a bit of blood so that it can reduce pahalaku, and if the mother would be sorry to see. "
"Tajamkanlah sword and scratched immediately dileherku is so much easier and faster process lethal. Then you can bring back my shirt and handed over to the mother in order to be memorable for him, and also convey my compliments to him by saying, 'O mother! Be patient in carrying out the commandment of God. 'Finally, let not the father invites other children to the mother's mother's house so that further adds condolences to me, and when the father saw other kids my age, do not be carefully considered so that menimbulka sense of sadness in the hearts of the father, "continued Isma'il.
After hearing the messages that his son, Prophet Ibrahim replied, "The best friend in carrying out the commands of Allah is upon thee, O my son beloved!"
Then the Prophet Ibrahim desperately scraping his sword into the neck of her son who had been bound hand and foot, but he could not scratch.
Ismail said, "O father! Remove the ropes binding his hands and my feet so I had not rated him in the run command. Streaked out again into my neck so that the angels megetahui that I am obedient to God in the run command solely because of him. "
Prophet Ibrahim's hands and feet untied his son, then he faced his son to earth and straight sword into the neck scratched his son with all my strength, but he was also unable to do so because his sword is always bouncing. Not satisfied with his ability, he thrust his sword towards a rock, and rock that was split into two parts.
"My sword! You can split a stone, but why are you not able to penetrate the flesh? "He grumbled.
Permission of Allah, the sword replied, "O Abraham! You want to slaughter, while the ruler of the universe God said, 'do not be slaughtered'. If so, why should I oppose the commandments of God? "
Allah says, "Surely this is really a real exam (for you). And We ransomed him with a momentous sacrifice. "(As-Saffat, [37]: 106)
According to one story, that replaced Ishmael with a sheep kibas who once sacrificed by Abel and for the sheep that live in heaven. The angel Gabriel came to bring the sheep kibas it and he still managed to see the Prophet Ibrahim AS scraped his sword into the neck of his son. And at that moment the universe and all its contents were Takbir (Allahu Akbar) exalts the greatness of Allah SWT for the patience of his people in carrying out his orders. Seeing that, Gabriel malaikai amazed asthma then glorify God, "Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar". Prophet Ibrahim replied, "La ilaha Illallâhu wallahu Akbar". Ismail followed him, "Allahu Akbar wa lillâhil Hamd". Then the readings are read on every feast of sacrifice (Eid al-Adha).
Sumber : http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=117562848307570
Appreciate The Meaning of Heroes's Day
Before long, our nation will celebrate Memorial Day November 10. Today, when our nation is facing unemployment at least 38 million (Tempo Interactive November 1), and overseas debt, and therein was so great, do we still need to bother Heroes' Day commemoration held 10 November? And, also, when the hustle and bustle of terrorism are sweeping across the country, what is also worth commemorating Memorial Day? Is not it better if we devoted attention to the eradication of corruption, which was clearly brought severe damage in the field of morals, and caused huge losses to the state and the people? Is Heroes' Day commemoration is still no meaning, when the unity and integrity of our nation is being torn apart by a variety of negative sentiment and tribal conflict littered with religion? Presumably, there are many more questions can be asked about the importance of commemorating this Memorial Day.
To those who still question the significance of Memorial Day commemoration, it is necessary to - patiently, but firmly - answered: It is necessary, because it is very important! (Exclamation mark three times). Precisely because the situation of the state and nation have this dilapidated today, then we all need to lift up high the great and revolutionary spirit embodied in the Heroes' Day. However, in order more clearly, should also be emphasized that this Memorial Day we should celebrate in ways and a new spirit, which is different from what has been done by New Order (and their supporters).
NEW ORDER DAY HEROES KILLED API
In this regard, please let us consider the equally deep in the following: whether the political culture and moral culture (and education) New Order really truly appreciate and honor Memorial Day? Given the experience of decades of New Order, we should doubt it! Indeed, Memorial Day has always been celebrated for it. However, without the flame. Without a soul glory. For decades the New Order, most simply celebrated Memorial Day with ceremonies which are rituals, and the poor soul who dwarfs all its contents ..
Could not be otherwise! Because, in effect, or in essence, Memorial Day is a revolutionary spirit. Heroes Day contains a high patriotism and nationalism. Memorial Day is laden with the weight of the spirit and devotion to the interests of the people. Heroes' Day reflects the willingness to sacrifice for the sake of homeland and nation. Liver contains a great moral hero. Memorial Day is also a large message contained in the Youth Pledge, Unity Pancasila; That's semualah are not understood by the founders (and loyalists) New Order. In fact, that has been tampered with or dikhianatinya! (Again, an exclamation mark three times)
In order not to fall in a formulation that sounded stilted and superficial generalizations, it is necessary may we all try to listen back to the history of the birth of Memorial Day. The history of the birth of Memorial Day can not be separated from the historical role of Bung Karno, of the greatness of the revolutionary struggle of the Indonesian people across the country in 45 years, and also inseparable from the history of the battle of Surabaya. It should be noted also is that Memorial Day had something to do with the proposal to the Bung Karno Sumarsono in 1945 to make 10 November as the Day of Heroes. Sumarsono is; time, the highest leadership of the movement of the PRI (Youth of the Republic of Indonesia) which has an important role (and especially) during the rebel people of Surabaya to seize senajata Japan and then fought a massive and heroic troops against the British (and Dutch).
HEROES DAY IS A REVOLUTIONARY spirited
Is important in living up to the meaning of Memorial Day, we all observe that the Bung Karno is one among a number of great figures of Indonesia's most prominent (and most!) In elevating the sense of the heroes in the struggle for national liberation. This is reflected in many pages of his book "Under the Banner of Revolution", and also in his speeches. Bung Karno made Memorial Day as a means to remind. to the whole nation (especially the younger generation) that had a lot of fighters have been killed, or sacrifice of property and their labor, to establish the state of RI. They are willing to make sacrifices, so many people's lives could be better than ever before. They struggle in the years 20's, and during the revolution of 45, to make this country belong together, to create a just and prosperous society.
So, really appreciate it Memorial Day is meant to connect with the nation's revolution. And as already demonstrated by our history, the Indonesian revolution is revolutionary pluralism. In the long trip (long march) of this tortuous various community group leaders (from various tribes, descent, religion and politics) has united himself in a long line of revolutionary us.
With a background view of history as it was also important we can understand why Bung Karno Sumarsono to accept the proposal made on 10 November as Heroes' Day. While Sumarsono himself, who became the supreme head of the PRI in Surabaya at that time, was a young man who gets his childhood Christian education, and after a great close relations with the underground movement in the CPI. kolonialsime against the Dutch and Japanese fascism (through net-Mr network; Amir Syarifuddin, painter Sudjoyono, Widarta PKI leaders and others) ..
From the height of such a revolutionary view that we should look at the significance of Memorial Day. So it's not enough just with the flag raising and singing - singing or speeches whose content is empty or only sterile ceremonies are still needed to be done, but more important is to give the letter and spirit of this sacred day.
CRYING IN THE TOMB OF THE HEROES
Today, to commemorate Memorial Day with a new spirit, new ways, new view, is important. Therefore, we are equally witnessing that during the New Order, the greatness of the revolutionary spirit of Memorial Day was initiated by Bung Karno has made barren or dwarfed. Surely our heroes from different generations, different tribes, different religions and political streams, weeping bitterly in their graves, see the state of our nation and state that it is today. Is not the kind of nation and state that they now aspire when they are willing to sacrifice themselves in various fields of struggle, including in the battles around the homeland.
As a product of political culture and moral culture of the New Order hit damage and decay in all lines, whether in the executive, legislative and judicial, including in religious circles. Many political figures, community leaders and officials who really have become criminals and traitors of the people. Many of them already do not care anymore against the public interest. They justify any means to steal state property and people. They did not hesitate to use the arguments and the guise of religion to foment divisions, and spread the seeds of unrest.
YOUTH TASK FORCE
Given the situation today is so bad (remember: the impact of bombing in Bali, international relations deteriorated, declining investment, increasing mounting debt, growing unemployment swell, constant harassment against the law and human rights, corruption is still rampant), is the moral obligation of the younger generation from various groups, ancestry, ethnicity, religion, and politics to make the soul Day Pahlawan.sebagai weapon to fight against this massive decay. Therefore, it seems, we can no longer hope to many who have joined forces to establish the New Order, and also which is a product (education) is a bad culture.
The soul that has been manifested by the younger generation is brilliant in 1998 in the overthrow of Suharto's rule, need to be nurtured and inflamed continue, in new forms, in accordance with the development of the situation. In opposition to the New Order have fallen victims. They are part of a long list of heroes, most of whom are not known. Having already sacrificed themselves to fight the political system and the dictatorship that had constructed a lot of damage to the nation and the state for decades, then it must needs be that we view them as a battering ram hero of the New Order.
Memorial Day should be equally we return to the role (and message) that it should be. This is the main task of our nation, including from the education community and historians. The younger generation should be educated to appreciate truly the spirit of devotion to the people and self-sacrifice for the sake of homeland and nation. Among historians (and education) need to once again review the history books in schools, so that our younger generation to know the history of the nation as a true (remember: forgery memblingerkan: March 1 attack and occupation of 6 hours in Yogyakarta by Suharto and falsifications other history).
Great nation appreciates its heroes. Indonesia had seen a large nation by other nations in the world, especially by the peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America, thanks to the struggle against colonialism and imperialism (please note, among others: revolution 45, Bandung Conference, Asia-Africa Conference of Authors, Journalists Conference Asia-Africa, Ganefo, International Conference on Anti-Military Base Aaing).
Today, our country Indonesia was deep image in the world. Again, this is not the kind of country that aspired to by hundreds of thousands (maybe even millions) of our hero, who in a long line and zigzag have flocked willing to sacrifice himself, for all of us and for our grandchildren.
With a shared determination to uphold the high revolutionary zeal in serving the interests of the people, let us welcome memorial Memorial Day!
History of Heroes's Day
Battle of Surabaya was the historical event of war between the Indonesian army and Dutch troops. This great event occurred on November 10, 1945 in the city of Surabaya, East Java.
The entry of Japanese troops to Indonesia
On March 1, 1942, Japanese troops landed on the island of Java, and seven days later, exactly, March 8, the Dutch colonial government surrendered unconditionally to the Japanese by appointment Kalidjati. Since then, Indonesia was occupied by Japan.
Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
Three years later, Japan surrendered unconditionally to the Allies after the dropping of atomic bombs (by the United States) in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The incident occurred in August 1945. Fill the vacancy, then Indonesia proclaimed its independence on August 17, 1945.
Incident at Hotel Yamato, Tunjungan, Surabaya
After the emergence of government edict dated August 31, 1945 which stipulates that beginning 1 September 1945 the national flag hoisted the Red and White continued throughout Indonesia, more and more flag-raising movement extends to all corners of the city.
At various strategic places and other places, one after another following the flag was unfurled. Among others on the terrace above the Residency Office Building (office Syucokan, governorate building now, Street Hero) located in front of the building Kempeitai (now Monument of Heroes), Internatio rooftop, followed by rows of young men from all corners of Surabaya who brought red and white flag come to Tambaksari (field Gelora 10 November) to attend a mass meeting organized by the Barisan Youth Surabaya.
Movement of a flag-raising climax in Surabaya incident occurred on tearing the flag in Yamato Hoteru / or Oranje Hotel Yamato Hotel, Jl. Tunjungan no. 65 Surabaya.
At first the Japanese and Indo-Dutch was out of the internment develop an organization, contact the Social Committee, which received full support from Japan. The formation of this committee sponsored by the International Red Cross (Intercross). However, overturned by Intercross their political activities. They tried to take over the warehouses and some places have been occupied, such as the Yamato Hotel. On 18 September 1945, came in Surabaya (Gunungsari) Allied officers and the Netherlands from Allied Command (Allied representatives) together with the entourage from Intercross Jakarta.
Because his position was strong, a group of people under the leadership of Mr. Holland. WVCh Ploegman on the afternoon of September 18, 1945, precisely at 21:00, flying the Dutch flag (Red-White-Blue), without the approval of the Regional Government of Indonesia Surabaya, on the pole at the top of Yamato Hotel, on the northern flank. The next day when the youth saw Surabaya, instantly enraged. They considered the Dutch want to stick his power back in the land of Indonesia, and considered to be harassing the movement of the flag raising was held in Surabaya.
As soon as the news spread throughout the city of Surabaya, for a moment Jl. Tunjungan flooded by people, ranging from teenage students to young adults, all ready to face any eventualities. The mass continued to flow until the crowded hotel and adjoining courtyard filled with a burst of mass anger. Slightly to the back of the hotel page, several Japanese soldiers looked on guard. The current situation it becomes very explosive.
Soon came the Resident Sudirman. The arrival of the warrior and diplomat who was serving as Deputy Resident (Fuku Syuco Gunseikan) are still recognized the government of Dai Nippon Syu Surabaya, Surabaya as well as a Resident Local Government Affairs, the crowd parted and went to the hotel. He wants to negotiate with Mr. Ploegman and friends. In the talks Sudirman immediately requested that the tricolor flag lowered.
Ploegman refused, even with harsh threats, "Army Allies had won the war, and because the Netherlands is a member of the Allies, the Dutch government is now entitled to enforce the restoration of the Dutch East Indies. The Republic of Indonesia? That we do not acknowledge." Raising his revolver, forcing Ploegman Sudirman to immediately go and let the Dutch flag still flying.
Seeing is not favorable, the young man accompanying Sidik and Hariyono Sudirman take tactical steps. Kicked the revolver from the hand prints Ploegman. Revolver was bouncing and erupting without hitting anyone. Hariyono immediately carry out Sudirman, while Sidik Ploegman continues to grapple with and strangle him to death. Some Dutch soldiers barged upon hearing the gun, and as he drew his long sword and then disabetkan Sidik direction. Sidik also fell.
Outside the hotel, the young men who knew the incident was immediately pushed into the hotel and a fight broke out in front of the hotel room. Most of the other, scrambling up to the top hotels to lower the Dutch flag. Hariyono along Sudirman originally involved in climbing the flagpole. Finally he managed to lose along Kusno Wibowo Dutch flag, tore the blue, and mengereknya to the top of the pole again. Masses of people welcoming the successful raising of red and white flag with shouted "Merdeka" repeatedly, as a sign of victory, honor and sovereignty of the state of RI.
The death of Brigadier General Mallaby
Brigadier General Mallaby's car that exploded near the House Internatio
After the ceasefire between the Indonesian and British soldiers signed on October 29, 1945, the state gradually subsided. But even so still, there was a commotion among the people and the British troops in Surabaya. Armed clashes with British troops in Surabaya, culminating in the murder of Brigadier General Mallaby, (led British troops to East Java), on October 30, 1945. Buick was carrying Brigadier General Mallaby was intercepted by a group of Indonesian militia when it will pass the Red Bridge. Due to a misunderstanding, then there was a shootout that led to the British general's car hit by gunfire exploded. The car was charred.
Ultimatum 10 November 1945
After the murder of Brigadier General Mallaby, his successor (Major General Mansergh) issued an ultimatum that is an insult to the fighters and the people generally. In the ultimatum stated that all the leaders and people of Indonesia are armed to report and put the gun in the place designated and submit himself to raise their hands above. Limit of the ultimatum was at 6:00 am on 10 November 1945.
The ultimatum was rejected by Indonesia. Therefore, the Republic of Indonesia at that time was up, and the People's Security Army (TKR) has also been established.
On 10 November morning, British troops launched a major offensive and awesome once, by deploying about 30,000 troops, 50 aircraft, and a large number of warships.
Various parts of the city of Surabaya showered with bombs, fired blindly with a cannon from the sea and land. Thousands of residents were affected, many died and many more wounded. However, resistance fighters also raged throughout the city, with the active assistance of the population.
The British suspect that the resistance of the people of Indonesia in Surabaya can be conquered within three days, by deploying a complete modern weaponry, including aircraft, warships, tanks, and armored vehicles that quite a lot.
But unexpectedly, it turns out the public figures of the 'ulama' and kyais Java hut like KH. Hashim Ash'ari, KH. Wahab Hasbullah and other boarding kyais exert their students-students and the general public (at the time people are not so obedient to the government but they are more submissive and obedient to the religious scholars) there are also young pioneers such as Bung Tomo and others. Resistance so it can last a long, lasting from day to day, and the other from week to week. Resistance of the people who initially made spontaneously and not coordinated, more and more regularly. This massive battle takes up to a month, before the city fell in the hands of the British.
The bloody events in Surabaya when it also has moved across the Indonesian people's resistance to repel the invaders and defend freedom. The number of fighters who are killed and the people who are victims when it is later remembered as Heroes' Day.
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